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To assess the spatial extent and impact of the 2025 Punjab floods, Google Earth Engine (GEE) was utilized to process and analyze satellite imagery. GEE provides a cloud-based platform capable of handling large geospatial datasets, making it ideal for near-real-time flood monitoring and post-event analysis.

For this study, Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery was used due to its ability to capture surface conditions even under cloudy and rainy conditions common during flood events. Pre-flood and post-flood images were selected for August and September 2025 to identify inundated areas. Subsequent to the process, the flood-affected area was determined to be 1,24,100 hectares (94,000 ha Govt Figure via India Today). The data were processed using threshold-based water classification  

A major part of geographical area of the state is prone to floods although substantial part has been protected through flood control measures. Nevertheless, the protected area also faces risk, although in reduced magnitude, because of possibility of flood in case of failure of protection works. Punjab is a state in northwestern India that is prone to flooding during the monsoon season. The state is crisscrossed by several major rivers, including the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi rivers, and their tributaries. These rivers can overflow their banks during heavy rainfall, causing flooding in the low-lying areas along their banks.

Punjab has also witnessed severe floods 2010 which have caused extensive damage to crops, houses, and infrastructure. The floods in Punjab are mainly caused by heavy rainfall and the overflowing of the rivers and their tributaries. The major rivers that flow through Punjab are the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi rivers. These rivers originate in the Himalayas and flow through the state before entering Pakistan. When these rivers receive heavy rainfall, they can cause flooding in the low-lying areas along their banks.

In 2019, Punjab witnessed one of the worst floods in recent years, which affected several districts in the state. The floods were caused by heavy rainfall and the overflowing of the Sutlej River and its tributaries (NDMA).

Despite massive rescue and relief efforts, the 2025 Punjab floods exposed serious gaps in preparedness, governance, and long-term planning. One of the most significant challenges was the lack of coordination among dam authorities, district administrations, and disaster management agencies. Delays in releasing water from major reservoirs such as Bhakra and Ranjit Sagar reportedly worsened flooding in downstream areas.

A significant issue was the susceptibility of infrastructure. Numerous embankments and drainage systems were inadequately maintained or encroached upon, resulting in multiple breaches. Experts indicated that unregulated urbanisation on floodplains and diminished wetland areas have significantly impaired the state's natural flood absorption capacity.

The allocation of remuneration was another point of dispute. Numerous farmers and families expressed grievances regarding delays, insufficient damage evaluation, and inequitable distribution of compensation. For some individuals, the losses transcended crops—livestock, stored grains, and vital means for sustenance were obliterated, although recompense frequently fell short of addressing the actual magnitude of the harm.

Post-flood conditions precipitated health and sanitation concerns, with stagnant water resulting in increases in vector-borne diseases such as dengue and chikungunya. Although the government's aid effort was significant, the floods underscored the pressing necessity for enhanced planning, transparent governance, and sustainable infrastructure to avert a recurrence of such damage.

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